필리핀어학연수 유학기업 필자닷컴

필리핀 어학연수 퍼스트클래스 필자닷컴 18년 노하우를 확실히 보여드립니다.

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The infix -um- and its derivatives

이름 : jlo
작성일 : 2009-09-18
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The infix -um- and its derivatives

Another noticeable difference is the infix -um- which has also undergone a process of simplification since the

Spanish era.

The infix -ungm- which has disappeared from virtually all contemporary Tagalog dialects. In modern Tagalog, -um-

serves as the infinitive, imperative, and completed (past) forms. So what distinguishes the phrase kumain

ka (either "eat" or "you ate") is context and tone). This infix is cognate with similar infixes in other Philippine

languages. They, too, also make a distinction between the infinitive the past forms:

Language	Infinitive affix	Completed/Past affix
Old Tagalog	-um-	-ungm-
Modern Tagalog	-um-
Ilokano	-um-	-inn
Kapampangan	-um-	-in-
Pangasinan	on-	-inm-
Waray-Waray	-um-	-inm-, -in-, -um-
Tausug	-um-	-im-
Old Bikol	-um-	-umin-

Apparently the infinitive form comes from Proto-Philippine *-um- and the past one from Proto-Philippine *-umin-.

Furthermore, there were variants of -um- that had to do with phonetic environment. For example, if the first

vowel of a rootword was /i/, then -um- would optionally change to -im-. This is called vowel harmony. For

comparison's sake, I'll use the rootword tingin as an example:

English	Modern Tagalog	Old Tagalog
to look	tumingin	timingin
I looked	tumingin ako	tingmingin ako
I am/was looking	tumitingin ako	tingmitingin ako
I will look	titingin ako

Another phonological change was that verbs beginning with certain sounds took on different affixes. This would usually happen to verbs beginning with /b/ and /p/. The infix -um- would assimilate with those consonants. There were some exceptions to the /p/ and /b/ rule as in the verbs kuha (get), uwi (return home), inom (drink), ihi (urinate), and others. According to the grammars, verbs fitting in this category may also be conjugated the regular way (i.e., unassimilated). Below is a comparison outlining the modern Tagalog forms and the two ways of conjugating the verb in old Tagalog. I use the rootword pasok (enter) as an example.

English	Modern Tagalog	Old Tagalog (unassimilated conjugation)	Old Tagalog (assimilated conjugation)
to enter	pumasok		masok
I entered	pumasok ako	pungmasok ako	nasok ako
I am/was entering	pumapasok ako	pungmapasok ako	nanasok ako
I will enter	papasok ako